Faculté de Philosophie et Sciences sociales

Arabic Text.
This paper aims to fill gaps in the evolution of social, economical and political relations between Assyrians and Aramaeans in the Euphrates, Khabour and Balikh Valleys, with review of some relevant cuneiform texts discovered at the
western border of the  Assyrian Empire, the site of Tell Sabi Abyad. The  site probably witnessed increasement of Aramaens pressure in the Balikh Valley and the region surround, and could shed light on the relations between Arameans and Assyrians during the Middle Assyrian Empire.

69. Arslan Tash (Aleppo)
Anas Al Khabour
(Gothenburg University, Sweden)
An article in the book: A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites.
Edited by Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki.
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
www.archaeopress.com

87. Resafa/Sergiopolis (Raqqa)
Anas Al Khabour
(Gothenburg University, Sweden)An article in the book: A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites.
Edited by Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki.
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
www.archaeopress.com

103. Tell Damir (Raqqa)
Anas Al Khabour
(Gothenburg University, Sweden)
An article in the book: A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites.
Edited by Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki.
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
www.archaeopress.com

21. Tell Zeidan (Raqqa)
Anas Al Khabour
(Gothenburg University, Sweden)
An article in the book: A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites.
Edited by Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki.
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
www.archaeopress.com

Abstract
The arrival of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq since 2014, alongside the devasta- ting civil war in Syria, was accompanied by the high- scale destruction of the cultural heritage. All of the participants in the armed conflict have played a destructive role in this region. The aspect I will discuss in this paper is Daesh or the Islamic State, and how they are manipulating the world to destroy the heritage using religious labels; they have demolished monuments, art works, mosaics and large statues in the name of God, because this heritage represents polytheism, while at the same time selling archaeological items on the black market helps them to finance their state’s terrorist activities. The example of Palmyra provides relevant data to reveal the real reasons behind the destruction and adds more voices to the international calls to stop trafficking in items coming out of the conflict area.

The Euphrates valley played a key role in the history of Mesopotamia as the axis of communication between distant lands with variation of natural recourses,and linked Mesopotamia,the land with dearth of stone and wod,to Anatolia the north and to the Mediterranean in the west and along the history, from the Paleolithic to practically today.The importation of the raw material and the development of the trade system were some of the reasons behind the rise of the transformation of the Near East settlements from villages to organized urban centers [Margueron2014:9], pastoralism also had a crucial role in formation the settlements in Ancient Near East, the topic is deeply discussed in Porter 2012 [Porter2012].
The task of this paper is emphasize the geographical, political and social aspects of the settlement phenomena along the Euphrates valley int he Syrian territory, shedding light on the archaeological works along the river’s course between the mouth of the Balikh to the Khabour, as well as the area of Mount Bishri, located to the south of the Euphrates course during the Middle Bronze Age (20–150BC).
The region witnessed a significant cultural and scientific development characterized by the emergence of new states and the interaction between various ethnicities and cultures; visible both in texts and material culture, and had a remarkable impact on the historical scene of the region.

BURIALS AND FUNERARY PRACTICES ALONG THE MIDDLE
EUPHRATES VALLEY DURING THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
Anas Al Khabour
(University of Gothenburg, Sweden)
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this paper is to compare the cemetaries along the Syrian Middle Euphrtes from
Karkemish to Abu Kamal and in the Djezirah hinterland. Besides a typology of the graves, the inventory
of material culture in the graves such as pottery, metalurgical objects, weapons…etc. These categories
have a valuable role to understand the burial customs during the 3rd millennium BC (Early Bronze
Age). The differentiation is documented in terms of relationship to the livings between those cemeteries
close to a settlement along the river and others in the steppe areas (nomadic). Besides, a study on
burials and burial customs allows to establish information about the social structure of the inhabitants,
because mortuary practices reflect the social, religious and practical views of the societies of the third
millennium B.C., it is not only concerns deposition of the deceased, but also the living who buried them.
Tha gathered data includes the burial sites along the Euphrates Valley in the Syrian territory as well
as the adjantes areas to the river’s course. The excavations and surveys have been conducted by
different expeditions: Syrian, German, Japanese, North American and Spanish, or joint expeditions.
Generally, most of these tombs were already looted. It is worth mentioning that the cemeteries and
necropolises in question are situated on both banks of the river.
KEYWORDS
Burial, funerary practices, Euphrates Valley, Early Bronze Age.

How cultural heritage in Syria was treated before the establishment of the Syrian Antiquities Law 1963 and how it was considered after? This paper attempts to answer this question starting with the Ottoman Empire period and going through the French mandate in Syria until the establishment of the Antiquities Law in 1963 with all its amendments 1999 ending by the deliberate destruction of heritage after the beginning of the civil war in March 2011. I aim to reflect my own previous experience as director of the National Museum of Raqqa 2003-2008 and Head of its Department of Antiquities and Museums. With parallel to the antiquities law, existed series of commissions and competent authorities that could, within the scope  of lake of economic and human resources, protect the heritage in a satisfactory way. Cultural heritage has been considered as part of the nation’s identity and have passed different stages of conservation in sometimes or depredation in others, depending on the political scene. But in general, local laws and regulations in Syria served in attempt to control all activities related to heritage; exportation, excavation, research, preservation, display and diffusion.
Sommario:
Come è stato gestito il patrimonio culturale siriano prima che fosse emanata la Legge sulle Antichità Siriane nel 1963? E come è stato considerato da quel momento in poi?  Questo documento rappresenta il tentativo di rispondere a tale quesito, partendo dal periodo dell’Impero Ottomano, percorrendo poi gli anni del Mandato Francese in Siria fino all’emanazione della Legge sulle Antichità nel 1963 con tutti i suoi relativi emendamenti del 1999, per terminare infine con la deliberata distruzione del patrimonio culturale che ha fatto seguito all’inizio della guerra civile nel marzo 2011. Il mio proposito è quello di riferire la mia esperienza in qualità di Direttore del Museo Nazionale di Raqqa 2003-2008 e come Dirigente del Dipartimento delle Antichità e dei Musei. In parallelo alla Legge sulle Antichità esistevano una serie di commissioni ed enti competenti che erano in grado di proteggere il patrimonio culturale in maniera soddisfacente pur mancando le risorse umane ed economiche. Il patrimonio culturale è stato sempre considerato parte dell’identità nazionale ed è passato attraverso stadi di conservazione o depredazione, a seconda della scena politica, ma in generale le leggi e le regolamentazioni locali in Siria hanno avuto la funzione di controllare tutte le attività relative al patrimonio culturale: esportazione, rinvenimento, ricerca, preservazione, mostra e diffusione.

Armed conflicts and civil wars have been accompanied with huge damage to cultural heritage and people´s memories; they have been systematically destroyed, appropriated and looted; besides with ethnic cleansing and demographic changes caused by the population´s flee from repression to safer regions. Compounding that, the international community has invested many efforts in postwar reconstruction but paid less attention to other previous stages such as using heritage for reconciliation between the fighting parties and resolution of conflict. This paper focuses expected using of heritage in Syria and Iraq, by studying how cultural heritage has the potential to influence the arrangement ceasefires and resolutions to conflict, protect human rights, and rehabilitate societies impacted by social and physical trauma. This has worked in various parts of the world where conflicts took place; however, we need a method that helps organize intervening activities to mitigate the violence in conflict, as well as identifies stakeholders and common factors that consider all parties' interests. The heritage context can provide, in my opinion, such involvement of interveners to produce peace and bring fighting parties together based on their shared memories and common history in Syria and Iraq. RESUMEN Los conflictos armados y las guerras civiles han corrido parejos a un enorme daño al patrimonio cultural y a la memoria de las personas; que han sido sistemáticamente destruidos, apropiados y saqueados; además de la limpieza étnica y los cambios demográficos causados por la huida de la población de todo tipo de represión a lugares más seguros. Para empeorarlo, la comunidad internacional ha invertido muchos esfuerzos en la posguerra-reconstrucción, pero prestó menos atención a otras etapas anteriores, como el uso del patrimonio para la reconciliación entre las partes en combate y la resolución del conflicto. Este artículo se enfoca en el uso deseable del patrimonio en Siria e Iraq, y estudia cómo el patrimonio cultural tiene el potencial de influir en el cese del fuego y la resolución de conflictos, proteger los derechos humanos y rehabilitar las sociedades impactadas por el trauma social y físico. Esto ha funcionado en varias partes del mundo donde han tenido lugar conflictos; sin embargo, necesitamos un método que ayude a organizar actividades intermedias para mitigar la violencia en el conflicto, así como identificar a las partes interesadas y los factores comunes que consideren los intereses de todas las partes. El contexto del patrimonio puede proporcionar, en mi opinión, tal participación de los interventores para producir la paz y unirse las partes en conflicto sobre la base de sus recuerdos compartidos y su historia común en Siria e Iraq. PALABRAS CLAVE Siria, Iraq, patrimonio cultural, creación de paz, reconciliación, resolución del conflicto, sostenibilidad. Introducción La repercusión de los conflictos armados y las guerras civiles en la gente está bien marcada a lo largo de la historia contemporánea. Las poblaciones bajo condiciones bélicas han sufrido ataques contra su patrimonio, memoria colectiva, contra su diversidad étnica, religiosa, social y contra su paisaje cultural en general. En muy pocos conflictos armados, las partes en combate han tenido en cuenta la protección de su patrimonio cultural y le han

In this article, Rhys Jenkins is discussing the model of capitalist development in the 6 developing countries that have remarkably achieved sustainable development in recent decades. These newly industrializing countries (NICs) include the 4 East " Asian tigers " (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) as well as the 2 most industrialized Latin American countries, Brazil and Mexico. Indeed, only in the past three to four decades, these NICs countries have experienced spectacular economic growth moving from the lower level of human development to climb, in an unprecedented manner, the higher levels in the ladder of world development. What did these countries do right to achieve such a successful development so fast? What are the possible costs of such fast capitalist development in a shorter and longer run? And finally, can this model of capitalist development be replicated by other developing countries? To begin with, it is noteworthy to mention that to some, the capitalist development of the NICs nations has not come without dire costs. In fact, for the critics of this model, " the costs are so high as to render the model unattractive or unsustainable in the long run. " Indeed, such a phenomenal economic performance of the NICs countries could only be possible with dreadful consequences such as: the repression and superexploitation of the labor force, the subordination of agriculture to export-oriented industrialization, the irresponsible environmental destruction, the rise of authoritarianism regimes, and ultimately a certain vulnerability or fragility of a development that remains essentially dependent on external market or capital. Surely, despite the above negative critics of the model, the capitalist development in the NICs, especially in the East Asian Countries, has followed successfully certain patterns in some circumstances that need our consideration here. In this respect, the land reform that preceded or accompanied capitalist industrialization created a favorable environment to capitalist development by eliminating potential obstacles from land ownership. This in turns, led to primitive accumulation of capital that was supported by external inflows of US aid and the trade opportunities during the Vietnam War. Moreover, the respective states of the East Asian NICs play a considerable role in the capitalist development by controlling and supporting a smart investment of resources. Another crucial base to the capitalist development in these countries is the creation of a disciplined and educated labor force. And finally, the increase of productivity led to higher wages, which contributed to the development of domestic market. In conclusion, can we then blatantly assume with the inevitabilists that given the success of the capitalist development in the NICs model, any third world Country can equally achieve sustainable development by following this model? Rhys Jenkins stand is remarkable here. Indeed, in his own words, " there were very specific conditions which were themselves the result of a complex historical process which enabled the East Asian NICs to achieve capitalist development. To suppose that capitalist could achieve the same result elsewhere would be to ignore these factors. " Looking critically at my own government and other developing countries still stuck in the lower level of development, I could not help but ask myself: what have we done wrong so that we could not achieve the same level of development as the East Asian NICs? Development, as we are prompt to believe it now, is often a very complex process. Various Countries could achieve different levels of sustainable development in taking different paths. Surely, there is a valuable need in making the right choice of model and policy. Even if this might imply, at times, making some difficult choices.

In a context where inefficient government programs, the free market economy, as well as the traditional nonprofit approach to underdevelopment have failed to address basic social needs such as decent employment, education, nutrition, and health among others; a revolution of mindset that would unleash creative liberty of private citizens is necessary. By empowering individuals with effective managerial skills and a creative approach to solve unmet social needs, social entrepreneurship aims at challenging the prevailing social equilibrium and engages in the process of social transformation. RESUME « L'entrepreneuriat social : Un nouveau chemin vers la transformation sociale en RD Congo. » Dans un contexte actuel, où l'inefficacité des programmes gouvernementaux, l'économie de marché, ainsi que l'approche traditionnelle à but non lucratif au sous-développement n'ont pas été en mesure de répondre aux besoins sociaux fondamentaux, entre autres l'accès à un emploi décent, à l'éducation, à la nutrition, et à la santé; une révolution des mentalités qui permettrait de déclencher la liberté créative des citoyens est nécessaire. En dotant le peuple de compétences efficaces en gestion ainsi qu'une approche créative face aux besoins sociaux, l'entrepreneuriat social vise à contester l'équilibre social actuel et à s'engager ainsi dans le processus de transformation sociale.

Women’s empowerment has been at the center of the development discourse as one of the eight declared Millennium Development Goals. To date, an increasing number of development organizations are focusing on helping poor women achieve economic sustainability, and social enterprise in its microfinance scheme is playing a leading role in providing women with needed capabilities to increase their agency in the development process. The success of microfinance in empowering women today has been a debatable subject in the economic and development realms, thus leading to a need to reassess some of the microfinance claims. How does it really empower women? In which ways can microfinance assistance lead to an unintended and unfavorable effect of the disempowerment of women? To analyze and broaden existing understandings of women’s empowerment, this research qualitatively investigated the process of women empowerment through a selected case study of a social microfinance operating in Rizal province, Philippines, using combined sociological and anthropological methods.